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One of the most economically important fruit trees in Mediterranean countries is the olive tree (Olea europaea L.). Foliar and fruit fungal pathogens are responsible for economically important diseases in most olive-growing areas. Within these pathogens, we highlight Colletotrichum spp., the causal agent of the serious anthracnose disease. Under favourable conditions, the disease can devastate entire production fields. Symptoms typically occur in fruits at maturation under wet autumn conditions, causing severe quantitative and qualitative yield losses of olive oil and fruits. The best control strategy currently relies on the use of synthetic fungicides, but there is regulatory pressure in agriculture worldwide to limit their use.