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This editorial synthesis introduces a collection of papers derived from International Geoscience Programme (IGCP) Project 518, entitled ‘Fluvial Sequences as Evidence for Landscape and Climatic Evolution in the Late Cenozoic’. Building on information collected during an earlier project (IGCP 449: ‘Global Correlation of Late Cenozoic Fluvial Deposits’), this has examined the data accumulated on fluvial records, particularly river terrace sequences, for patterns that contribute to the interpretation of Late Cenozoic landscape and climatic evolution. This introductory paper reviews the baseline evidence, noting that there are patterns (from terrace sequences in different regions) of differing amounts of fluvial incision, indicating differing uplift rates, that appear to be related to crustal province. There seems to be no general role for plate tectonics; instead the patterns are of regional uplift, probably an isostatic response to …