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Purpose: The objective of this study it to use a novel chondrogenic and anti-inflammatory growth factor, progranulin (PGRN), with external Low Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound (LIPUS) as biomechanical stimuli to i) enhance migration, proliferation and anabolism of chondrocytes, ii) inhibit TNFα and IL-1β induced inflammation and catabolism and iii) understand the underlying mechanism for combined condroprotective effects.

Methods: LIPUS stimulations were applied using an acoustic device, Sonicator 740 (Mettler Electronics, Anaheim, CA) with a 10cm2 transducer (35mm diameter) with characteristic frequency of 1Mhz, pulse duration of 200μs, with repetitive frequency of 100 Hz at an intensity of 30mW/cm2 for 20 min per day. LIPUS condroprotective effects were analyzed by studying chondrogenesis, chondrocytes migration and metabolism in presences of IL-1β. Furthermore, synergistic effects of Progranulin and …