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Bacteria live in habitats of frequently changing conditions and have evolved very sophisticated responses to adapt to environmental changes. These responses most frequently lead to the activation and/or repression of a number of genes to adapt cell physiology or metabolism to the new conditions. As a consequence, bacteria have developed a wide array of mechanisms to regulate gene expression affecting virtually every step from transcription initiation to protein inactivation or degradation. Genes can be switched on or off by modifications in RNA polymerase (RNAP), by DNA rearrangements connecting a gene to or disconnecting it from a particular promoter, by the action of regulatory proteins or even short RNA molecules activating or inhibiting transcription initiation, or by modulation of transcription elongation and termination at specific sites. In addition, mRNA stability, translation efficiency, protein activity, and …