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The reconstruction and interpretation of terrestrial ecosystems and vegetational patterns in the Central European Miocene have to take into account the influence of a vast landlocked water body, namely the Paratethys Sea. As a northern appendage of the early Mediterranean Sea, it spanned a north–south gradient of at least 4° latitude and has been suggested to represent some kind of “palaeothermometer”, which reflected slight expansions or restrictions of climatic belts. Due to its vulnerable marine connections it was also highly susceptible to major (global) sea-level fluctuations which are reflected in phases of endemism. Hence, a fairly continuous record of marine nearshore assemblages throughout the Miocene reflects an extraordinary interplay of sea-level fluctuations, changes in climate, immigrations, and blooms in autochthonous elements. Whilst biostratigraphic implications of these patterns were …