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Using ecological risk and resiliency theory, this exploratory study examined the relationship between parental support and parental monitoring on male and female adolescents' lifetime and recent use of alcohol, cigarettes and marijuana among a sample of 980 adolescents from Tijuana, Mexico. The participants' ages ranged from 15 to over 22 years. Approximately 25% of the participants indicated that their families were of low socioeconomic status (SES) and majority of participants' mothers (74.2%) and fathers (68.6%) had less than a high school education.

The results of this study indicated that parental support and parental monitoring were significant predictors of lower lifetime and recent substance use for males and females. Parental support significantly predicted lower lifetime and recent cigarette use among males and lower recent marijuana use among females. Parental monitoring, however, was a stronger …