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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease with unknown etiology characterized by progressive loss of the motor neurons in the cerebral motor cortex, brainstem and anterior horns of the spinal cord which determines the gradual loss of voluntary muscle function. Due to inadequate investigation tools, it is not easy to reach a qualitative and quantitative analysis of anatomical variations induced by the disease. In fact, conventional 2D imaging (histology or electron microscopy) produces an incomplete spatial coverage that leads to possible errors in data interpretation, while standard 3D tomographic imaging reaches insufficient resolution and contrast. High resolution X-ray Phase Contrast Tomography (XPCT) allows the simultaneous and three-dimensional visualization of the vascular and neuronal networks of the spinal cord on scales of length ranging from millimeters to hundreds of nanometers, without the use of contrast agent, sectioning or destructive sample preparation.