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Neurofeedback (NFB) provides real‐time feedback about neurophysiological signals to patients, thereby encouraging modulation of pain‐associated brain activity. This review aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of NFB in alleviating pain and pain‐associated symptoms in chronic pain patients.

MEDLINE, PUBMED, Web of Science and PsycINFO databases were searched using the strategy: (“Neurofeedback” OR “EEG Biofeedback” OR “fMRI Biofeedback”) AND (“Pain” or “Chronic Pain”). Clinical trials reporting changes in pain following electroencephalogram (EEG) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) NFB in chronic pain patients were included. Only Randomized‐controlled trials (RCT), non‐randomized controlled trials (NRCT) and case series were included. Effect size was pooled for all RCTs in a meta‐analysis.

Twenty‐one studies were …