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This chapter offers a review and synthesis of evidence on alcohol-related brain damage and cognitive impairments. Patients with alcohol use disorder present deficits of attention, working memory, executive functions, episodic memory, semantic memory, procedural memory, visuospatial abilities and perceptive memory, emotional processes, and social cognition. The clinical implications of these neuropsychological deficits on motivation, decision-making, new complex learning, and interpersonal relationships are detailed. Alcohol-related neurological complications are also described with a focus on Wernicke's encephalopathy, Korsakoff's syndrome, Marchiafava–Bignami disease, hepatic encephalopathy, and central pontine myelinolysis. Clinical recommendations are provided to favor differential diagnosis and to detect patients at risk for developing severe and potentially debilitating neurological diseases …