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In this study, the authors examine factors underlying payer off-label use reimbursement policies. Updating a study published 14 years ago, 1 presenting the results of a survey of 179 payers administering public (Medicare and Medicaid) pharmacy benefits. The focus is on payers administering pharmacy benefits in the public sector for two reasons: First, transparency; there is a tendency for such payers to reveal more about their decisionmaking processes than payers that exclusively deal with the commercial market. Second, Medicare and Medicaid set the pace in terms of specific policies on off-label use reimbursement, particularly with regard to anticancer agents and biologics. Medicare, through its recent changes in off-label drug reimbursement policies, is poised to increase its influence on oncology practice in the United States. Several other examples attest to the observed influence of the public on the private …