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This study tailored a novel engineered biochar as a solid catalyst for glucose isomerization by pyrolyzing Sn-functionalized wood waste under varying hypothesis-driven selected conditions (i.e., 650, 750, and 850 °C in N₂ and CO₂ atmosphere). The results showed that properties of biochar support (e.g., porosity and acid/base property) and chemical speciation of Sn were highly related to their catalytic performance. Variations in pyrolysis temperature and feed gas modified the porous structure and surface functionality of biochar as well as the valence state of doped Sn on the biochar. For the N₂ biochars, higher pyrolysis temperature enhanced the fructose yield yet had trivial effect on the selectivity, where 12.1 mol % fructose can be obtained at 150 °C and 20 min using biochar produced at 850 °C. This was plausibly attributed to the increased fraction of amorphous Sn structures and metallic Sn that were more …