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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an increasingly important cause of morbidity, disability, and mortality worldwide. We aimed to estimate global, regional, and national COPD prevalence and risk factors to guide policy and population interventions.

For this systematic review and modelling study, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, Global Health, and CINAHL, for population-based studies on COPD prevalence published between Jan 1, 1990, and Dec 31, 2019. We included data reported using the two main case definitions: the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease fixed ratio (GOLD; FEV₁/FVC<0·7) and the lower limit of normal (LLN; FEV₁/FVC<LLN). We employed a multilevel multivariable mixed-effects meta-regression approach to generate the age-specific and sex-specific prevalence of COPD in 2019 for high-income countries (HICs) and low-income and …