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Armstrong, Lawrence E., Carl M. Maresh, Catherine V. Gabaree, Jay R. Hoffman, Stavros A. Kavouras, Robert W. Kenefick, John W. Castellani, and Lynn E. Ahlquist. Thermal and circulatory responses during exercise: effects of hypohydration, dehydration, and water intake. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(6): 2028–2035, 1997.—This investigation examined the distinct and interactive effects of initial hydration state, exercise-induced dehydration, and water rehydration in a hot environment. On four occasions, 10 men performed a 90-min heat stress test (treadmill walking at 5.6 km/h, 5% grade, 33°C, 56% relative humidity). These heat stress tests differed in pretest hydration [2 euhydrated (EU) and 2 hypohydrated (HY) trials] and water intake during exercise [2 water ad libitum (W) and 2 no water (NW) trials]. HY + NW indicated greater physiological strain than all other trials (P < 0.05–0.001) in heart rate, plasma osmolality (P_osm …