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This paper provides a review of mental health and developmental issues specific to the phases of adolescence and emerging adulthood. Prevalence estimates highlight the frequency and severity of mental health difficulties in this age cohort, and point to the pressing need to integrate a developmental perspective in planning support, prevention, and intervention services. A brief overview of common mental health issues is provided, as well as a consideration of relevant developmental trajectories and variations. Using a health equity lens, we discuss diversity issues in relation to transition-aged youth. Conclusions include recommendations to enhance the system of care for transition-aged youth.