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“The stability of the organism’s internal landscape (milieu intérieur) is the condition for the free and independent life”(Bernard, 1878). Although 150 years old, these words resonate well with our current understanding of the way the integrity of living organisms rests upon upholding a homeostatic equilibrium. Some years after Bernard, William James (1884) and Carl Lange (1885) proposed that our emotional experiences originate from responses in the body that accompany the perception of external events. In contrast, Walter Cannon (1927) and Philip Bard (1928) proposed that stimulating neurons in the central nervous system was sufficient to elicit feelings and physical reactions in a simultaneous manner. This debate regarding the cause of emotions—body states vs brain activity—has continued to this day. By the turn of the 20th century, Charles Sherrington (1906) coined the term interoceptor to describe the presence of an internal bodily surface dedicated to the monitoring of changes within the body. By the time Sherrington and Edgar Adrian received the Nobel Prize for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons, Cannon further elaborated Bernard’s notion of a milieu intérieur in what he termed homeostasis, intended to describe self-regulating processes that promote survival by maintaining the stability of the organism (Cannon, 1939). During this first half of the 20th century, most studies in interoception were conducted in the Soviet Union, with Pavlov’s work on learnt reflexes and interoceptive processes in preparation for digestion the most famous. However, some of these works remained unnoticed until later decades, when Soviet …