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Recently three large-scale epidemiological registry-based Scandinavian studies examined the association between use of hormonal contraception and the risk of developing depression or use of antidepressants. They reached surprisingly divergent results. Objectives: The aim of this study was to explain why these three recent studies from Denmark and Sweden could achieve quite different results, interpretations, and conclusions. Methods: Search strategi and selection. The three existing large scale Scandinavian studies examining associations between exposure to different types of hormonal contraception and risk of depression or use of antidepressants were examined according to chosen design, exclusion criteria, and included confounders. Methodological choices were considered, and the validity of these methodological choices tested. 

First, the assumption that differences between …