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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have received much attention in the field of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation because not only do they support hematopoiesis but also exhibit a profound immunosuppressive activity that can be exploited to prevent undesired alloreactivity. We have previously shown that their immunosuppressive activity is mainly exerted at the level of T-cell proliferation. Here, we show that MSC exhibit a similar antiproliferative activity on tumor cells of hematopoietic and non hematopoietic origin. In vitro, MSC produced the transient arrest of tumor cells in the G 1 phase of cell cycle; this was accompanied by a reduction in the apoptotic rate even when survival factors were limiting. However, when tumor cells were injected into non-obese diabetic–severe combined immunodeficient mice in conjunction with MSC, their growth was much faster as compared to the group receiving only tumor cells …