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Environmental pollution—contamination of air, water and soil by human activity—is the largest cause of disease and death in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 8.9 million persons die each year of diseases caused by pollution, 8.4 million (94%) of them in poor countries (WHO 2014a, b). By comparison, HIV/AIDS causes 1.5 million deaths per year (WHO 2014c), and malaria and tuberculosis cause fewer than 1 million deaths each (WHO 2014d). In the world’s poorest countries, the predominant forms of pollution have been indoor air pollution and contaminated drinking water (PAHO 2012). Pneumonia and diarrhea are their principal consequences. By contrast, ambient air pollution, toxic chemicals, pesticides and hazardous wastes are the predominant environmental hazards in richer countries. They are linked to noncommunicable diseases—to asthma …