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Energy is the material basis for the development of national economy. However, energy shortages become increasingly serious as a result of the growing population and the modernization of the global economy. Therefore, investigating drivers of energy consumption is crucial to coordinate the relationship between energy and national economic growth. This study aimed to uncover the effects of energy prices (EP), urbanization (URN) and GDP on per capita energy consumption (EC) with considering the income gaps between countries. The paper adopted the Granger causality test approach and the impulse response function analysis by using long-term time series data on EC, EP, URN and GDP during 1980–2015 in 186 countries divided into three groups (high-income, upper- and lower-middle income groups). The results indicated a long-term co-integration relationship among these variables. Granger causality …