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Summary. Cumulus–oocyte complexes, 5596, were cultured for 24 h in either TCM-199 or Ham's F-10 with or without gonadotrophins and supplemented with either 20% buffalo oestrous serum (BES) or fetal calf serum (FCS). The maturation rates of oocytes cultured in TCM-199 or Ham's F-10 medium supplemented with 20% BES were 47·4 ± 17·8 and 44·8 ± 25·6, respectively. Addition of luteinizing hormone (LH) (5 μg ml ⁻¹ ) significantly improved the maturation rate in the Ham's F-10 medium supplemented with 20% BES (76·8 ± 18·3), but follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (0·5 μg ml ⁻¹ ) and oestradiol (1 μg ml ⁻¹ ) failed to synergize with LH (71·7 ± 19·5). In the TCM-199 system, LH failed to enhance the maturation rate but the addition of FSH and oestradiol significantly enhanced the proportion of mature oocytes (42·7 ± 1·4 and 81·7 ± 14·5, respectively …