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Recent research upon high efficiency passivated emitter, rear locally-diffused (PERL) cells has resulted in a considerable improvement in the energy conversion efficiencies of silicon solar cells up to 24.0% under the standard global solar spectrum. Under monochromatic light, energy conversion efficiency of 46.3% for 1.04 μm wavelength light has been measured. These efficiencies are the highest ever reported for a silicon device. This progress has been achieved by a combination of several mechanisms. One is the reduction of recombination at the cell front surface by improved passivation of the silicon/silicon dioxide interface. Resistive losses in the cell have been reduced by a double-plating process which increases the thickness for the coarse cell metallization features. The reflective losses have been reduced by the application of a double layer anti-reflection (DLAR) coating. Another advantage of DLAR …