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Psychostimulant medication is an efficacious treatment for childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, yet controversy remains regarding potential iatrogenic effects of stimulant medication, particularly with respect to increasing susceptibility to later substance use disorders. However, stimulant treatment was previously reported to reduce the risk of substance problems.

To meta-analyze the longitudinal association between treatment with stimulant medication during childhood and later substance outcomes (ie, lifetime substance use and substance abuse or dependence).

Studies published between January 1980 and February 2012 were identified using review articles, PubMed, and pertinent listservs.

Studies with longitudinal designs in which medication treatment preceded the measurement of substance outcomes.

Odds ratios …