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In the accomspanying report, Emala et al 1 at the Anesthesia Research Council take a deep dive into the anesthesiology physician-scientist pipeline, documenting the current shortage of anesthesiologists who do research, and exploring the reasons for this shortage. For anyone who believes that physician-scientists have an important role in all clinical disciplines, their observations are not encouraging. Although they found that National Institutes of Health (NIH) research funding and training support in anesthesiology departments has increased, only 1.5% of anesthesiology residency entrants from 2009 to 2019 (approximately 300 of 20,000) had a PhD (Figures 1E and 4B in their article). A PhD is not required for biomedical research by physicians, but graduate school, unlike medical school, focuses on research training. Here we will use a PhD as a surrogate marker for estimating the number of research-trained …