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Characterize trends in opioid prescribing and co‐prescribing of sedative hypnotics at acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain visits from 2001 to 2010.

We conducted a repeated cross‐sectional analysis of 15 344 visits for acute pain and 19 958 visits for chronic pain in the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey/National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey from 2001 to 2010. The primary outcome was receipt of an opioid, and secondary outcomes were co‐prescribing of a benzodiazepine or sedative hypnotic (benzodiazepine, muscle relaxant, or insomnia medications). We used multivariable logistic regression to assess temporal trends.

Between 2001 and 2010, opioid prescribing at acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain visits increased by 50% (10.4% [95%CI 7.9–12.9%] to 15.6% [95%CI 12.5–18.6%]) and 79% (12.9% [95%CI 9.7–16.0%] to 23.1% [95%CI 18.3–27.9 …