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We evaluated the relationship between opium consumption and bladder cancer (BC) in a case-control study of an Iranian population.

In a hospital-based case-control study of 179 patients with BC and 179 cancer-free controls frequency-matched by age, gender, and smoking status, we investigated the relationship between opium consumption and BC. A comprehensive epidemiologic interview was conducted on all participants to collect personal information, such as demographics and smoking status.

Overall, we found significant age, gender, cigarette smoking adjusted association between BC risk and opium consumption, [odds ratio (OR) = 4.60; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.53–6.28]. The elevated risk was more evident in older individuals (OR = 5.42; 95% CI, 4.12–7.28) than younger individuals (OR = 3.65; 95% CI, 2.76–4.76) (P = 0.01). Heavy smokers …