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The impact of recent medical advances on disease presentation, extent of operation, and disease-specific survival for patients with medullary thyroid cancer is unclear.

We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry to compare trends over 3 time periods, 1983–1992, 1993–2002, and 2003–2012.

There were 2,940 patients diagnosed with medullary thyroid cancer between 1983 and 2012. The incidence of medullary thyroid cancer increased during this time period from 0.14 to 0.21 per 100,000 population, and mean age at diagnosis increased from 49.8 to 53.8 (P < .001). The proportion of tumors ≤1 cm also increased from 11.4% in 1983–1992, 19.6% in 1993–2002, to 25.1% in 2003–2012 (P < .001), but stage at diagnosis remained constant (P = .57). In addition, the proportion of patients undergoing a total thyroidectomy and lymph node dissection increased from 58 …