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Objectives: To determine the effect of real-time neurofeedback training using functional magnetic resonance imaging (rt-fMRI-NF) accompanied by exercise compared to exercise alone on the motor and non-motor functions of patients with PD in a single-blind RCT.

Methods: 30 PD patients (Hoehn & Yahr stages I-III) without significant comorbidities were randomly allocated to one of two groups. One group (15 patients) received three sessions of rt-fMRI-NF training along with mental imagery transfer training and weekly motor training on a Nintendo WiiFit device after the first month. The second group (15 patients) received only motor training (MOT). The intervention lasted for 10 weeks. The primary outcome measure was the Movement Disorder Society–Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) administered pre and post intervention in the off medication state. The secondary outcome measures were …