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Due to the limited availability of antibiotics, Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) acquire different levels of drug resistance. It raised an urgent need to identify such agents, which can reverse the phenomenon of drug resistance.

To understand the mechanism of drug resistance reversal of glycosides; niaziridin and niazirin isolated from the pods of Moringa oleifera and ouabain (control) against the clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli.

The MICs were determined following the CLSI guidelines for broth micro-dilution. In-vitro combination studies were performed by broth checkerboard method followed by Time-Kill studies, the efflux pump inhibition assay, ATPase inhibitory activity, mutation prevention concentration and in-silico studies.

The results showed that both glycosides did not possess antibacterial activity of their own, but in combination, they reduced the MIC of …