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It is an inevitable trend of sustainable manufacturing to replace flood and dry machining with minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) technology. Nevertheless, for aeronautical difficult-to-machine materials, MQL couldn’t meet the high demand of cooling and lubrication due to high heat generation during machining. Nano-biolubricants, especially non-toxic carbon group nano-enhancers (CGNs) are used, can solve this technical bottleneck. However, the machining mechanisms under lubrication of CGNs are unclear at complex interface between tool and workpiece, which characterized by high temperature, pressure, and speed, limited its application in factories and necessitates in-depth understanding. To fill this gap, this study concentrates on the comprehensive quantitative assessment of tribological characteristics based on force, tool wear, chip, and surface integrity in titanium alloy and nickel alloy machining and …