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Background: Impaired mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle is implicated in the development of insulin resistance. However, potential differences in fatness and fitness may influence previous results.

Methods: Subjects (n =18) were divided into insulin-sensitive (IS) and insulin-resistant (IR) groups by median glucose infusion rate during a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. Weight, VO_2max (maximal aerobic capacity), and percentage body fat were measured before and after 6 continuous weeks of aerobic exercise training at 55–70% VO_2max (40 min/session, 4 d/wk).

Results: Age, percentage fat, and VO_2max were not different between IS and IR groups at baseline. Expression of the nuclear encoded PGC1α and mitochondrial encoded gene COX1 were significantly lower in the IR group (P < 0.05). Citrate synthase activity and protein levels of subunits from complexes I and III …