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The usage of nanoparticles (NPs) in treating and diagnosing many diseases, especially cancer, has been investigated in recent studies. The primary purpose of using nanotechnology in cancer treatment is to design a specific NPs-based drug delivery system to target cells. Thanks to their slow degradation, controlled release, optimum surface functionaity, and high optical absorbance, NPs can be used as agents for photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this connection, the efficiency of the treatment increases, and the side effects are reduced. Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is one of the most basic materials in daily life that represents tremendous photocatalyst activity. Recently, several functionalized biodegradable polymers were recently designed for TiO₂ NP-based photothermal and photodynamic therapies. These photosensitizers can be modified by attaching dyes, targeting molecules, and …