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The view that Antarctica and South America were connected by a long causeway between the West Antarctica (WANT) and southern South America in the Late Cretaceous through the late Paleocene, and that terrestrial vertebrates were able to colonize new frontiers using this physiographical feature, is almost certainly correct. One of the most intriguing palaeobiogeographical phenomena involving the last phase of the breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana concerns the close similarities and, in most cases, inferred sister-group relationships of a number of terrestrial vertebrate taxa recovered from uppermost Cretaceous and Paleogene deposits of Antarctic Peninsula (West Antarctica) and southern South