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Acute respiratory failure (ARF) is a critical condition characterized by the sudden inability of the respiratory system to maintain adequate oxygenation and eliminate carbon dioxide. It is a common and challenging condition both within and outside the intensive care unit (ICU), as it represents a heterogeneous syndrome associated with substantial morbidity and mortality, complex ethical dilemmas, and high health care utilization. This potentially life-threatening condition can arise from various causes, including different primary lung diseases, cardiac dysfunction, and systemic disorders. Improved understanding of respiratory physiology, advances in diagnostic tools, and the development of innovative therapeutic strategies have reshaped the management and outcomes of this syndrome. 1, 2 Although the immediate consequences are evident in the respiratory system, it is important to recognize that ARF can have …