作者
Alastair J Noyce, Jonathan P Bestwick, Laura Silveira‐Moriyama, Christopher H Hawkes, Gavin Giovannoni, Andrew J Lees, Anette Schrag
发表日期
2012/12
来源
Annals of neurology
卷号
72
期号
6
页码范围
893-901
出版商
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company
简介
Objective
To evaluate the association between diagnosis of Parkinson disease (PD) and risk factors or early symptoms amenable to population‐based screening.
Methods
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of risk factors for PD.
Results
The strongest associations with later diagnosis of PD were found for having a first‐degree or any relative with PD (odds ratio [OR], 3.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.65–3.93 and OR, 4.45; 95% CI, 3.39–5.83) or any relative with tremor (OR, 2.74; 95% CI, 2.10–3.57), constipation (relative risk [RR], 2.34; 95% CI, 1.55–3.53), or lack of smoking history (current vs never: RR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.39–0.50), each at least doubling the risk of PD. Further positive significant associations were found for history of anxiety or depression, pesticide exposure, head injury, rural living, beta‐blockers, farming occupation, and well‐water drinking, and negative significant associations were found …
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AJ Noyce, JP Bestwick, L Silveira‐Moriyama… - Annals of neurology, 2012