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In October, 2013, 24 experts from 11 countries met at the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France, to assess the carcinogenicity of outdoor air pollution. This assessment was the last in a series that began with specific combustion products and sources of air pollution and concluded with the complex mixture that contains all of them. The results of this most recent assessment will be published as volume 109 of the IARC Monographs. 1 Outdoor air pollution is a mixture of multiple pollutants originating from a myriad of natural and anthropogenic sources. Transport, power generation, industrial activity, biomass burning, and domestic heating and cooking are the predominant anthropogenic sources in many locations. 2 The mix of pollutants in outdoor air varies substantially over space and time, showing not only the diversity of sources, but the effect of atmospheric processes, including …