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Long-term ecological research is uniquely poised to examine the impacts of multi-year extreme events from climate and other environmental drivers on ecosystem resilience. For 8 long-term research (LTER) sites in the midwestern US (CDR, KBS, KNZ), southwestern US (CAP, JRN, SEV) and polar regions (ARC and MCM), representing grassland, cropland, desert, urban, and tundra ecosystems, we used long-term data to determine: 1-how climate drivers and physical processes have changed over the past century, with a focus on multi-year, extreme events, 2-how these diverse dryland ecosystems have responded to these extreme events, and 3-what the implications of these changes and responses are to ecosystem resilience and services.