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Pharmacy has traditionally been portrayed as a profession responsible for formulating and dispensing medicines. In the early 1900s, pharmacists were experts in apothecary, secundum artem, ie the art for empirical or medicinal use. As clinical pharmacy emerged as a speciality discipline, its development was influenced by the introduction of hospital pharmacy in the 1920s (Gregory, 2013). In the 1960s, clinical pharmacy started evolving and this aspect of the profession became patient-oriented rather than product-based. The significance and recognition of clinical pharmacy services were first documented in the 1970s and 1980s, respectively (International Pharmaceutical Federation, 2019; World Health Organization, 2006). This marked the beginning of the professional integration of pharmacists’ roles and enhanced interactions with medical practitioners and other healthcare professionals such as nurses, physiotherapists, and dieticians (Pearson, 2007; Zermansky et al., 2006). In 1991, Hepler proposed the concept of program evaluation for clinical pharmacy services and made useful suggestions to improve research designs (Hepler, 1991). In 1992, Ascione et al. made recommendations and provided insightful information on improving research in pharmaceutical care (Ascione et al., 1992). As pharmacy practice research continued to mature at its own pace, there was a paucity of literature in pharmaceutical care research. In 1998, Kennie et al. published a critical analysis of 12 pharmaceutical care research studies conducted between 1992 and 1998 (Kennie et al., 1998), and recommended that there was scope for improvement in study …