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We examined the neurocognitive correlates of the Behavioral Inhibition and Behavioral Activation Systems (BIS/BAS) in an effort to clarify ambiguities concerning interpretations of BIS as reflecting inhibition versus avoidance. We hypothesized that self‐reported BIS should relate to neural mechanisms associated with conflict monitoring, whereas self‐reported BAS should be associated with neural correlates of approach motivation. Consistent with these predictions, higher self‐reported BIS was uniquely related to the N2 event‐related potential on No‐Go trials of a Go/No‐Go task, linking BIS with conflict monitoring and sensitivity to No‐Go cues. Higher BAS was uniquely related to greater left‐sided baseline frontal cortical asymmetry associated with approach orientation. Implications for theories of self‐regulation involving conflict monitoring, cognitive control, and approach/avoidance motivation are discussed.