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Cerebral injury in children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) remains a major source of morbidity. The effect of cardiopulmonary bypass temperature on cerebral function in terms of serum S100β protein level and cerebral oxygenation monitored by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRO‐300) in children is not known. In this study, 18 children undergoing open‐heart surgery at the Hospital for Sick Children in London were equally assigned by minimisation to warm (35 ± 1 °C) or cold (25 ± 1 °C) CPB. Changes in S100β protein and cerebral oxygenation were studied in both groups. S100β protein serum level increased significantly after CPB in both groups. There was no significant difference in serum S100β protein concentrations between the two groups. However, cerebral oxygenation in terms of tissue oxygen index (TOI) was significantly impaired during rewarming from cold CPB. Five patients were …