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Tuber aestivum (Vittadini, Monographia tuberacearum, 1831) is an ectomycorrhizal fungus that establishes a symbiosis with various host tree species, such as oak, beech, and hazel. The mycorrhizas of T. aestivum show a characteristic tangled hairy feature, due to the presence of many curled, interwoven cystidia. Morphological features of the ascocarps include a black peridium and a white-ochre to dark-brown gleba color, depending on the maturity. In 1887, Chatin separated T. aestivum into two distinct species through a novel description of Tuber uncinatum on the basis of morphological characteristics. Recent phylogenetic analyses suggest that existing morphological differences between T. uncinatum and T. aestivum do not reflect two different species and support the use of T. aestivum as the only scientific name. With a distribution throughout Europe and as far east as the Caucasian regions, T …