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Bacteria use two-component signal transduction pathways to sense both extracellular and intracellular environment and to coordinate cellular events according to changing conditions. Adaptation can be either physiological or genetical. Here, we present evidence that a genome reorganization process such as transposition can be controlled by certain environmental cues sensed by a two-component signal transduction system. We demonstrate that transposition-dependent accumulation of phenol-utilizing mutants is severely decreased inPseudomonas putidadefective in a two-component systemcolRS. Translocation of Tn4652is decreased both incolR-andcolS-defective strains, indicating that signal transduction from a histidine kinase ColS to a response regulator ColR is necessary for the activation of Tn4652in bacteria starving on phenol. However, overexpression of ColR in acolS-defective strain restores …