作者
Ronald B Postuma, Dag Aarsland, Paolo Barone, David J Burn, Christopher H Hawkes, Wolfgang Oertel, Tjalf Ziemssen
发表日期
2012/4/15
来源
Movement Disorders
卷号
27
期号
5
页码范围
617-626
出版商
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company
简介
Increasing recognition that Parkinson's disease (PD) may start outside of the substantia nigra has led to a rapidly expanding effort to define prodromal stages of PD, before motor signs permit classical diagnosis. Many of these efforts center around the identification of clinical non‐motor symptoms and signs of disease. There is now direct evidence that olfaction, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD), constipation, and depression can be present in prodromal PD. In addition, there is suggestive evidence that visual changes, other autonomic symptoms, and subtle cognitive changes may also be present at prodromal stages. A critical issue in utility of these prodromal markers will be assessment of sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. Although these have yet to be fully defined, olfactory deficits, some visual changes, and autonomic symptoms occur in the majority of PD …
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