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Tissue resident mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) contribute to tissue regeneration through various mechanisms, including the secretion of trophic factors that act directly on epithelial stem cells to promote epithelialization. However, MSCs in tissues constitute a heterogeneous population of stromal cells and different subtypes may have different functions. In this study we show that CD166^neg and CD166^pos lung stromal cells have different proliferative and differentiative potential. CD166^neg lung stromal cells exhibit high proliferative potential with the capacity to differentiate along the lipofibroblastic and myofibroblastic lineages, whereas CD166^pos lung stromal cells have limited proliferative potential and are committed to the myofibroblastic lineage. Moreover, we show that CD166^pos lung stromal cells do not share the same epithelial-supportive capacity as their CD166^neg counterparts, which support the growth …