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Natural antibodies are present in the serum of vertebrates regardless of antigenic stimulation. Characteristic activity is commonly detected against haptenated proteins, single stranded DNA and thyroglobulin. Natural antibodies are believed to provide an instant protection against pathogens of a broad specificity and to participate in homeostasis. Cod is a poor antibody responder but shows a relatively high level of natural antibodies against haptenated proteins. In this project the specificity, activity and affinity of natural antibodies was studied in different groups of cod and the effects of age/size, environmental temperature, immunisation and infection examined. Antigen driven selection of natural antibodies was also studied in one group of cod. The results demonstrated a broad and yet characteristic specificity, primarily directed against haptenated proteins and possible food antigens. The antibody activity increased …