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OBJECTIVE: To assess salivary stress biomarkers (cortisol and α-amylase) and female fecundity. DESIGN: Prospective cohort design. SETTING: United Kingdom. PATIENT(S): 274 women aged 18 to 40 years who were attempting pregnancy. INTERVENTION(S): Observation for six cycles or until pregnancy: women collected basal saliva samples on day 6 of each cycle, and used fertility monitors to identify ovulation and pregnancy test kits for pregnancy detection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Salivary cortisol (μg/dL) and α-amylase (U/mL) concentration measurements; fecundity measured by time-to-pregnancy and the probability of pregnancy during the fertile window as estimated from discrete-time survival and Bayesian modeling techniques, respectively. RESULT(S): Alpha-amylase but not cortisol concentrations were negatively associated with fecundity in the first cycle (fecundity odds ratio = 0.85; 95 …