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Photocatalytic degradation offers promising solutions for minimizing the contamination of organic pollutants and micropollutants in our surroundings. The cutting-edge research in this study is centered on the photocatalytic degradation and antibacterial properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) that are a potent weapon against environmental contaminants. Despite the potential limitations of ZnO in photocatalytic applications due to its large band gap, its responsiveness to visible light has been improved through careful tailoring of its electrical and optical properties, doping with metallic and non-metallic elements, and heterojunction construction. This paper explores various heterojunctions, including those connected to polymeric, carbon, and semiconductor-based ZnO substrates. Simultaneously, ZnO NPs have been used in antibacterial applications, albeit with defined knowledge gaps in understanding their …