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Ocular diseases pose a significant challenge due to the unique structure and function of the eye. Traditional drug delivery methods often struggle to achieve high efficacy while minimizing side effects and maintaining patient compliance. This necessitates the exploration of novel therapeutic approaches. Gene therapy, particularly with non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) like microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA), has emerged as a promising strategy for treating vascular eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Recent research has focused on developing effective miRNA and siRNA therapies for these conditions. By silencing disease-causing genes, these therapies offer the potential for targeted and precise treatment. Furthermore, nanotechnology holds promise for overcoming the challenges associated with drug …