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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is used worldwide for noninvasively testing human motor systems but its psychometric properties remain unclear.

This work systematically reviewed studies on the reliability of TMS outcome measures of primary motor cortex (M1) excitability in healthy humans, with an emphasis on retrieving minimal detectable changes (MDC).

The literature search was performed in three databases (Pubmed, CINAHL, Embase) up to June 2016 and additional studies were identified through hand-searching. French and English-written studies had to report the reliability of at least one TMS outcome of M1 in healthy humans. Two independent raters assessed the eligibility of potential studies, and eligible articles were reviewed using a structured data extraction form and two critical appraisal scales.

A total of 34 articles met the selection criteria …