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Few studies have been carried out on the changes in biomechanical loading on low-back tissues during prolonged lifting. The purpose of this paper was to develop a model for continuously estimating erector spinae muscle loads during repetitive lifting and lowering tasks. The model was based on spine kinematics and bilateral lumbar and thoracic erector spinae electromyogram (EMG) signals and was developed with the data from eight male subjects. Each subject performed a series of isometric contractions to develop extensor moments about the low back. Maximum voluntary contractions (MVCs) were used to normalize all recorded EMG and moment time-histories. Ramp contractions were used to determine the non-linear relationship between extensor moments and EMG amplitudes. In addition, the most appropriate low-pass filter cut-off frequencies were calculated for matching the rectified EMG …