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In the present chapter, we propose that emotion is an important contextual cue (or marker) for episodic memory. In past research and theory, temporal and spatial contexts have been discussed, but emotional context has been largely omitted from the literature on episodic memory. Based on the neural circuitry of incoming sensory information in the brain, we provide evidence that cognition is either moderated or mediated by basic affective processing. We review the evidence for a neural model in which the amygdala (affective processing – particularly negative emotions such as fear and anger), the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (emotional decision-making), and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (executive control and selective attention) are all involved in encoding and retrieval of episodic memory information. This view is largely based on an embellished version of Damasio and Bechara's somatic marker …